CXCL1 and cancer: Four of the immune-related genes were chemokines, namely, CXCL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, and the other genes were IDO1, IFNG, and ORM1. Chemokines secreted by cancer cells are a class of molecules involved in shaping the TIME and regulating the balance between antitumor and protumor factors, which induces leukocytes to enter the TIME and indirectly induces the tumor-related stromal compartment to secrete angiogenic and lymphangiogenic growth factors (Unver, 2019).