PA1 has been validated to participate in versatile biological processes such as adipose differentiation (Lee et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2015; Starnes et al., 2016), B cell class switch recombination (CSR) (Starnes et al., 2016), spermatogenesis (Liu et al., 2022), embryonic development (Takeshita et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2014; Takada et al., 2017), tumor process (Takeshita et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2014; Takada et al., 2017), and neurodevelopment (Daum et al., 2021) (Figure 2A). This evidence concerns the gene PAGR1 and neoplasm.