Overall, all of these above research reported that propolis and its constituents induce both death ligand-mediated (Extrinsic) apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial-mediated (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway in various cancer cells by modulating the several apoptosis-related signaling molecules such as TRAIL, FasL, TNF-α/DR, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, caspases, and PARP (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.