TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: The pathways result was intensively enriched in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications (Figure 5), lipid and atherosclerosis, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, etc. Interestingly, the signaling transduction of the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was mainly composed of genes from TGF-β, MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT pathways, further suggesting the importance of these pathways in the pathogenesis of DN (Figure 5).