PCNA and cancer: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as a marker of VSMC proliferation, is an important factor in regulating DNA replication, DNA repair, sister-chromatid cohesion, and cell cycle control prominent inflammatory mediators, are a family of zinc-containing proteolytic enzymes that are involved in various processes, including growth, migration, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer cells (Strzalka and Ziemienowicz, 2011; Pittayapruek et al., 2016).