INS and Insulin resistance: Plantago ovata significantly reduced HbA1c (−0.9%; −1.4 to −0.3), FBG (−32 mg/dl; −40 to −23), fasting C-peptide (as insulin sensitizer; −2.5 ng/ml; −3.22 to −1.78), and insulin resistance (−3.5; −4.6 to −2.4), and increased HDL-C (7 mg/dl; 1–13) (see Figure 25).