TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Compared with the COPD group, the level of TNF-α in the Shema 6.0 group was decreased, and the levels of IL-1β in both Shema 3.0 and 6.0 group were decreased on the 11th day; the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in Shema-treated groups were decreased on the 21st day, in a certain dose-dependent manner (Figure 2C).