NFE2L2 and lung cancer: Lignitto et al. (2019) discovered that HMOX1 and the cellular heme level modulated the transcription factors BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), which dictated lung cancer metastasis. Besides, NRF2 also can activate a metastatic program through the RhoA/ROCK pathway in breast cancer (Zhang et al., 2016a). In brief, their study demonstrated that NRF2 are involved in promoting cancer metastasis through multiple mechanisms. Therefore, the boundaries between NRF2 negative and positive effects should be cautiously defined in terms of cancer types and stages (Menegon et al., 2016).