With regard to malaria, studies utilizing murine models have reported: (1) a reduction in the levels of erythropoietic-related cytokines, including GM-CSF; (2) a negative correlation between GM-CSF concentrations and enhanced pathology in malarial anemia; and (3) elevated levels of GM-CSF in lethal malaria [19, 20]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and malaria.