In addition, in both single-dose and repeated-dose intratracheal LPS challenge experiments, we observed a heightened lung fibrosis at 28 days post first LPS-challenge in Ism1−/− lung, which are represented by higher collagen deposition and obvious scar structure formation (Additional file 1: Fig. S6) (Li et al. 2009). The gene discussed is ISM1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.