ISM1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Although ISM1 deficiency under normal ambient condition did not alter mouse lung vascular permeability as shown by Evans blue vascular permeability assay (Additional file 1: Fig. S4), at 24 h post-LPS challenge, a higher vascular permeability was observed in Ism1−/− mice by Evans blue assay as well as total protein measurement in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), reflecting a heightened lung vascular permeability associated with LPS-induced ALI when ISM1 is absent (Fig. 2f) (Todd et al. 2012).