Some limitations are worth noting: First, because this study is a cross-sectional design, we could only demonstrate an association between abdominal obesity phenotypes and NAFLD, but not a causal relationship between them; second, we did not measure subjects' insulin levels also did not measure levels of inflammatory-related factors, thus, this may lead to suboptimal identification of the metabolically healthy phenotype; third, this study is based on the results of an abdominal ultrasound to diagnose NAFLD, and liver biopsy was not performed to confirm the diagnosis. Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.