PIM1 and posterior cortical atrophy: PIM kinases have been found to sustain the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.396,397 Increased expression of PIM family members has been detected in PCa, and PIM confers resistance not only to PI3K/AKT inhibitors, but also to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.398 Therefore, co-targeting PIM and PI3K/AKT/mTOR could offer superior clinical outcomes relative to targeting either of these alone.