Increased activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been associated with poor prognosis and androgen independence in advanced PCa.508,530,531 Increased expression of MAPK pathway members and high levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were observed in mCRPCs.532–535 Pharmacological targeting of the MEK/ERK pathway may be a viable strategy for patients with mCRPC, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) is currently being tested in a phase 2 trial of patients with mCRPC (Table 10). Here, MAP2K7 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.