Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 and 2 (DKK1 and DKK2), each of which can inhibit beta-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling, were both upregulated in the thiamine deficient group – an effect also observed in AD (Vallée and Lecarpentier, 2016). This evidence concerns the gene DKK2 and Alzheimer disease.