A previous study used the GSE35958 database to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patients with osteoporosis and a control group and identified the following osteoporosis-related TFs: E2F TF 4 (E2F4), early growth response 1 (EGR1), JUN proto-oncogene (JUN), trans-acting TF 1 (Sp1), TF 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and catenin (cadherin-associated protein) beta 1 (CTNNB1) [18, 19]. Here, SP1 is linked to osteoporosis.