TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: In our study, women with PCOS and DHEA-induced PCOS mice both exhibited elevation in serum levels of TNF-α, which were consistent with previous reports (Bhatnager et al., 2019; Spritzer et al., 2015; Szczuko et al., 2018); TNF-α significantly increased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, and CCL20 in GCs, leading to inflammation of GCs, which may eventually lead to ovulation disorders in PCOS.