For the siRNA experiments, the U87MG human astrocytoma cells were treated with an siRNA-targeting EGR1 (siEGR1) or a negative control siRNA (siNeg), and the 72 h post-transfection cells were either mock or VEEV infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. Here, EGR1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).