TNF and COVID-19: The serum cytokines showing elevated levels in patients with COVID-19-related cytokine storms include IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, TNF, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α and 1β, plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-SCF), MCP-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [97,98] (Figure 5).