TNF and encephalitis: Additionally, upregulation of immune modulators such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, IFN-γ, or TNF-α have been observed in other arboviral illnesses such as Zika, Toscana virus meningitis, and Japanese encephalitis virus [52,53,54], resulting in an inflammatory response that can trigger flu-like symptoms and more rarely, encephalitis [53].