NFKB1 and Granuloma: Leaves extract is anti-inflammatory in subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats [293]; also reduced paw oedema [275]; pure compounds reduced p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [276] activities.