MPO and colitis: Leaves extract reduced TPA-induced ear oedema in both acute and chronic male ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice models by inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity [242]; bark extract reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema by inhibiting cellular infiltration and MPO activity [266]; stem bark extract inhibited IL-1β and nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells; also reduced colonic damage and weight/length ratio in TNBS-induced colitis model [339]. Ursolic acid and 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid reduced TPA-induced ear oedema and inhibited MPO activity [242].