GDF15 and cancer: The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAP3K11) by a GDF-15/GDNF family receptor alpha like (GFRAL) interaction has been identified as the key trigger for weight loss in animal models of cancer-related cachexia [74], and increased serum levels of GDF15 have been associated with the development of CCS, anorexia, increased tumor load, and poor survival outcomes in cancer patients [75].