INS and diabetes mellitus: DM is one of the most common chronic diseases due to impaired carbohydrate metabolism; alongside diet or nutritional supplements [8,9], educational therapy [10], metformin, sulfonylureas (SU), thiazolinediones (TZD), and insulin therapy, new antihyperglycemic drugs are now widely used for the management of DM, such as dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i), glucagon-like peptide-1receptor agonists (GLP-1a), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) [11].