Altered expression of TLRs has been found to be associated with vascular damage in autoimmune diseases [38], and TLR signaling can influence the expression of BAFF receptors; TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation resulted in the upregulated expression of TACI [15,16], but the changes observed in the expression of BAFF-R after B-cell activation via TLR4 and TLR9 vary between studies [38,39]. Here, TLR9 is linked to autoimmune disease.