TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: A similar effect was observed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, in which oral administration of COS at a dosage of 10–20 mg/kg/day improved IBD by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and decreasing the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in colonic tissues [61].