CCL2 serum levels were significantly elevated in NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis compared to those without (p < 0.001), and also correlated with advanced fibrosis (F3-4 fibrosis based on histopathology and FIB-4 score) (Figure 1A,C; Supplementary Figure S1A,C; Supplementary Table S2). Here, CCL2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.