TME cells secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines that interfere with anti-cancer immune response (VEGF), interleukins (IL-6, IL-12) [68], epidermal growth factor (EGF), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) [69]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.