A 2005 hospital-based study at the University of Pennsylvania of 408 women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer found, after adjustment for socioeconomic factors, that African American women were much less likely (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09–0.89) to undergo genetic counseling for BRCA1/2 mutations than white women [48]. This evidence concerns the gene BRCA1 and ovarian cancer.