HLA-DQB1 and celiac disease: We found that 20.83% of patients with ASD had a mutation in a genetic sequence associated with celiac disease risk, which may provide theoretical support for gluten-free/casein-free (GFCF) dietary interventions in patients with ASD; meanwhile, given the high prevalence of gastrointestinal problems in ASD [77], the identified associated variants in HLA-DQB1 may provide a more prevalent gastrointestinal phenotype than specifically gluten sensitivity in the face of individuals with ASD and gastrointestinal problems.