Indeed, inflammatory mediators may be relevant for the pathogenesis of epilepsy in FCD, as confirmed by the reported up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors and/or downstream effectors (such as IL-1β, IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, STAT3, C-JUN and CCR5) in this disease [19,43]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL3 and epilepsy.