We previously demonstrated that senescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are induced by deoxycholic acid, a gut bacterial metabolite derived from altered gut microbiota in obesity, secrete IL-1β, one of the SASP factors, promoting the development of obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [151]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.