In PBL, no significant differences were observed in the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNFα, (Figure 7A–C), but the TNFα mRNA level was significantly decreased in splenocytes (p < 0.05) after T. halophilus administration to DSS-induced colitis mice (Figure 7F), although no significant difference was observed in IELs (Figure 7I). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.