Other obesity–cancer association mechanisms include obesity-induced chronic inflammation [63,64]; increased aromatase expression, circulating levels of estrogen, insulin, leptin and ceruloplasmin; and decreased amounts of adiponectin and sex-hormone-binding globulin [61,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73]. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.