CD8A and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: If, on one hand, high expression levels of effector and memory CD8+ T cells in acute COVID-19 are associated with effective SARS-CoV-2 clearance and improved clinical outcomes, higher expression of memory CD4 compared to CD8 T lymphocytes has been associated with impaired T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 [34], which might contribute to the poor clinical outcome observed in COVID-19 COPD patients.