CSF1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Yamashina et al. reported that CSCs stimulated by interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) could activate the IRF5/CSF-1 pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), thereby increasing CSF-1 secretion and causing an increase in the number of M2 macrophages with CSF-1 receptors [63].