ACTA1 and cancer: Additionally, we measured mRNA levels of the cancer-associated fibroblastrelated genes described in the literature such as αSMA, or those resulting from IPA analysis including stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1), TGF- β, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), and fibroblast activating protein (FAP) in PCAFs, PNAFs, and BPHFs (Figure 4).