Overall, blockading of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by immunotherapy may promote granuloma formation through activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in macrophages and T cells, resulting in regulatory T-Reg-cell dysfunction and polarization of lymphocytes into IL17-secreting Th17, similarly to what can be described in sarcoidosis. Here, IL17A is linked to Granuloma.