Regarding immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, immunohistochemistry staining of MDSC (CD11b), M2 (CD206) and M1 (CD86) markers in mouse colon tumors showed that the numbers of MDSC- and M2-positive cells decreased remarkably in the metformin-treated mice compared to those in the control mice (Figure 3D). This evidence concerns the gene ITGAM and colonic neoplasm.