PTGS2 and neoplasm: Altered expression of TGF-β, HIF-1α, VEGF, and COX-2 following estradiol administration, alone or in combination with the compounds of agonistic and antagonistic properties such as E2+ICI, E2+G-15, E2+GW, and E2+T00 (that disrupted the estrogen pathway) may suggest the induction of inflammatory and tumor formation processes in mouse testis.