The invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells depend, to some extent, on the activation status of Rac1 and the activity of its regulators, notably the aforementioned Rac1-binding protein aldoketo reductase 1C1 (AKR1C1), up-regulated in metastatic human bladder cancer specimens. The gene discussed is AKR1C1; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.