SMAD2 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, several signaling pathways, such as TGF-β signaling, Notch signaling, fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGF/FGFR1) signaling, Smad2/3-mediated pathways, and pro-inflammatory signaling cascades have been reported to modulate EndoMT in DM [17,26,33].