The lack of association between maternal T1D and TSPAN14 expression in the offspring, however, rules out a link between gene regulation and in utero exposure to hyperglycemia alone, since this offspring group was exposed to increased glucose levels from the beginning of pregnancy, and to a higher extent than the offspring of women with GDM, where hyperglycemia generally does not develop before mid-late pregnancy. Here, TSPAN14 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.