Furthermore, vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects by counteracting NF-κB signaling in epicardial adipocytes, which can delay the progression of atherosclerosis, coronary remodeling, and ischemic heart disease [19], as well as potentially acting directly on cardiac myeloid cells, which express the vitamin D receptor at a higher level compared to other heart cells [20]. This evidence concerns the gene VDR and atherosclerosis.