CDKN2A and escherichia coli infection: In addition, there are many other bacteria that were reported to induce DNA methylation in eukaryotic host cells via upregulation of DNMTs, causing silencing of tumor suppressor genes, such as the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) in uroepithelial cells via E. coli infection, allowing them to persist and proliferate [80].