INS and hyperinsulinism: More recently, inorganic and organic Se compounds were reported to stimulate insulin biosynthesis and secretion, probably through upregulation of GPx1 which, on the one hand, protects β-cells from the adverse effects of chronic hyperglycemia (i.e., oxidative stress) [66]; on the other hand, it could lead to hyperinsulinemia and IR [67,68,69].