INSR and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In the setting of diabetes, NAC was reported to improve glucose homeostasis in mouse models of insulin resistance secondary to adipocyte insulin receptor deletion and obesity [38], to attenuate ischemic injury in diabetic heart by restoring caveolin-3/eNOS signaling [15], and to protect the brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced and genetic Akita mouse models of Type 1 diabetes [39].