IRS1 and ischemia: In summary, the present study demonstrated that NAC treatment enhanced the recovery of blood flow and function following ischemia in T2D in association with attenuated ROS production and plasma TNF-α level with preserved expressions of antioxidant enzymes, and partially reversed the levels of phosphorylated IRS-1, Akt, and eNOS as shown in Figure 8, thus improving redox/inflammatory status and insulin resistance in diabetic ischemic tissue.