When we compared expression profiles from the healthy chips exposed to nutritional deficiency (healthy −N/−T chip) versus the healthy control chips, we detected differential expression of 690 genes (q < 0.05 and fold change ≥1.5; 556 upregulated, 124 downregulated) (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1), including upregulation of the amino acid starvation-related transcription factor ATF4, its downstream solute carriers (SLC34A2, SLC7A5 and SLC6A9) and the inflammation-associated gene LCN2 (Supplementary Table 1). Here, SLC34A2 is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.