Although epilepsy is not considered a primary immune-mediated disease, DRE microglial clusters 7, 5, 9 and 11 were characterized by high gene expression levels of TNF, HLA-DRA and HLA-DPB1 and low CX3CR1 and P2RY12 gene expression levels (Extended Data Fig. 1c,d). Here, HLA-DRA is linked to epilepsy.