TGF-β1 signaling activation has been associated with metastasis and poorer prognosis due to the induction of EMT and drug resistance [82,83], but disruption of TGF-β1 signaling also leads to poor prognosis and accelerated tumor progression as TGF-β1-induced cancer cell apoptosis was relieved [84]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.