TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Interestingly, Ptprd-IR promotes TGF-β1- and IL-1β-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and renal inflammation in UUO kidneys in vivo and mTEC in vitro, while it has no effect on TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis [76].