GCG and neoplasm: Preclinical: (i) Alleviates bone marrow suppression caused by TS-1 in mice; (ii) reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the liver; (iii) inhibits the production of IL-6, MCP-1, PYY and GLP-1; (iv) anti-tumor via enhanced CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in CD1d−/− mice lacking NKT cells.Clinical: (i) Regulates T cells: decreases Foxp3+ Treg populations; (ii) inhibits B16 cell metastasis by inducing NK cell activity; (iii) inhibits osteoclast differentiation.