DUOX1 and fungal infectious disease: In this study, a pattern recognition receptor encoding gene (PGRP-LC) and two AMP encoding genes (defA and defB) involved in the Imd pathway and a DUOX encoding gene (Duox1) involved in DUOX-ROS system were observed significantly repressed in the gut of BPH when suffering Ma456 challenge, suggesting that topical fungal infection could cause a level of immune suppression in the gut of BPH, which might subsequently lead to dysbiosis of its gut bacterial community.