A pattern recognition receptor gene encoding peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) involved in the immune deficiency (Imd) signal pathway and a dual oxidase (DUOX) encoding gene (Duox1) linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also significantly down-regulated their transcript levels in the gut of BPH when suffering fungal infection. Here, DUOX1 is linked to Immunodeficiency.