TNF and myelodysplastic syndrome: The cytopenic phenotype of MDS is further augmented by evidence of increased apoptotic signaling; activation of death receptor Fas–Fas ligand pathway through cytokine induction (like TNFa, IFN-γ), TNF receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and 2) induced apoptosis and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) apoptotic signalling [8].