PDCD1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: MDS blasts in high-risk diseases overexpress PD-L1 in comparison to normal controls [78] and this can be further augmented by the effects of cytokines, such as TNF-a, and IFN-γ, which induce PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, on T-cells and MDS cells, respectively [79].